Ottoman Empire Alternate History

Main article:receiving dignitaries during an audience at the Gate of Felicity,.During this period presented a large and growing threat. Accordingly, King was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the in 1709 (part of the of 1700–1721.) Charles XII persuaded the Ottoman Sultan to declare war on Russia, which resulted in the Ottoman victory at the of 1710–1711. After the the confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe.Ottoman troops attempt to halt advancing Russians during the in 1788.The, which was ended by the in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of.were made, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of.

The Ottoman Empire is one of the largest empires in history. In existence for 600 years, at its peak it included what is now Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Macedonia, Romania, Syria, parts of Arabia and the north coast of Africa.

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In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. In 1726, convinced the Grand Vizier, the, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.In 1768 Russian-backed, pursuing Polish confederates, entered, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the. The of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.(1789–1807) made the first major attempts to, but reforms were hampered by the religious leadership and the corps.

Jealous of their privileges and firmly opposed to change, the Janissary created a. Selim's efforts cost him his throne and his life, but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor, the dynamic, who in 1826.The (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of in the Balkans during the. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman empire to achieve independence (in 1829). By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the by Europeans.

The suzerain states – the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, and – moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.Decline and modernisation (1828–1908). Main article:During the period (1839–1876), the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern, banking system reforms, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the replacement of religious law with secular law and with modern factories. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840.received his first ever patent for the telegraph in 1847, which was issued by Sultan who personally tested the new invention. Following this successful test, installation works of the first telegraph line (Istanbul-Adrianople-) began on 9 August 1847.

The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the. The empire's, was short-lived. The parliament survived for only two years before the sultan suspended it.The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks.Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil during theThe (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the.

The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. Toward the end of the, 90% of the Circassians were and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey. Other sources give much higher numbers, totaling 1 million- 1.5 million deported and/or killed.Opening ceremony of the First at the in 1876The ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, achieved full independence. And Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories.

In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of. Main article:Declaration of the by the leaders of the Ottoman.The began after the (3 July 1908) with the sultan's announcement of the restoration of the and the reconvening of the Ottoman Parliament. It marked the beginning of the. This era is dominated by the politics of the, and the movement that would become known as the.Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, but it pulled its troops out of the, another contested region between the Austrians and Ottomans, to avoid a war. During the (1911–12) in which the Ottoman Empire lost Libya, the declared war against the Ottoman Empire. The Empire lost the (1912–13). It lost its Balkan territories except East Thrace and the historic Ottoman capital city of Adrianople during the war.

Some 400,000 Muslims, out of fear of Greek, Serbian or Bulgarian atrocities, left with the retreating Ottoman army. According to the estimates of Justin McCarthy, during the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number. By 1914 the Ottoman Empire had been driven out of nearly all of Europe and North Africa.

It still controlled 28 million people, of whom 15.5 million were in modern-day Turkey, 4.5 million in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan, and 2.5 million in Iraq. Another 5.5 million people were under nominal Ottoman rule in the Arabian peninsula., the last Sultan of the Ottoman State, 1922In November 1914, the Empire entered on the side of the, in which it took part in the.

There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the and the, but there were setbacks as well, such as the disastrous against the Russians. The United States never declared war against the Ottoman Empire.In 1915, as the continued to advance in eastern Anatolia, aided by some, the Ottoman government started the deportation and massacre of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in what became known as the.

Genocidal acts were also committed against the and minorities.The which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans at the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. Gta burn game free download for windows 7. The, signed on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern.

Ottoman Army Band Marching in Festival Conquest of ConstantinopleThe most famous Ottoman Sultans are and Suleiman the Magnificent. It was during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror that Ottomans became the absolute sovereign in as well as Balkans and captured Constantinople, one of the most important cities in the world. Capitals of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire had marched in the direction of the West. They captured important cities of Byzantine Empire one after another. Therefore capital was changed several times. First Ottoman Capital was Iznik (Nicaea), 2nd: Bursa (Prusa), 3rd: Edirne (Adrianople), 4th: Istanbul (Constantinople). Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Mehmed II.

Ottoman Empire Map Mehmed II Rise Of The Ottoman EmpireOttomans, which grew into multi-national empire after the conquest of Istanbul, captured Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Egypt during the reign of Selim I. Ottoman Empire was located on Silk Road stretching from China and Spice Route stretching from India to Europe; therefore, it had a source of endless income.Ottoman Empire expanded to Europe, Africa and Asia from 15th to 17th Centuries.

They became the foremost power of the World. Their continious improvement stopped after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent (1566). Suleiman the Magnificent AchievementsThe rise of Ottomans hit the top with. Big reforms were made in law, education, architecture, social life, culture and art and great developments were achieved in these fields.

Therefore Sultan Suleiman is mentioned as Suleiman the Magnificent in European history. During the reign of Suleiman (1520-1566), Ottomans reached its widest borders in three continents.Famous admirals Piri Reis, Dragut and Hayreddin Barbarossa strengthened Ottoman’s domination in the Mediterranean. (Mimar Sinan), regarded as Ottoman’s best, lived in this century as well.The rise of Ottomans continued until 1699 when it started to lose land after centuries. Greatest Extent of the Ottoman Empire.